Muhammad Al Kholif, Emeralda Eka Putri Setyawati, Jin-Wei Zhang, Joni Hermana, Muhammad Roil Bilad, Heru Susanto, Huan-Ping Chao
This study demonstrates a reproducible and environmentally conscious method for synthesizing graphene oxide (GO) using a modified Hummers’ approach integrated with hydrothermal treatment. The synthesis process reduces hazardous chemical usage, shortens reaction time, and eliminates high-temperature post-treatment, making it more suitable for scalable production. The resulting GO material exhibits high adsorption capacities for two common cationic dyes, methylene blue (MB) and methyl green (MG), reaching 622 mg/g and 584 mg/g, respectively. Characterization by XPS, SEM-EDS, FTIR, zeta potential, and BET confirmed the presence of abundant oxygen-containing functional groups and a significantly increased surface area (167.36 m²/g), enhancing dye interaction. Adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting chemisorption and monolayer surface coverage. GO retained over 44.91% of its adsorption efficiency for MB and 34.54% for MG after six reuse cycles, confirming its practical reusability. This study offers a feasible pathway toward low-impact, scalable production of GO for industrial wastewater treatment applications, aligning with current sustainability goals in environmental engineering. © 2025 Korean Society of Environmental Engineers.
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universitas PGRI Adi Buana Surabaya, Jalan Dukuh Menanggal XII/4, Surabaya, 60234, Indonesia; Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 32023, Taiwan; Department of Civil Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 32023, Taiwan; Center of Environmental Governance Research, National Environmental Research Academy, Ministry of Environment, Taoyuan, 320680, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geoengineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia; Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam; Membrane Research Center (MeR-C) Integrated Laboratory for Research and Services, Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
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