Chin-Chou Wang, Wei-Hsun Lin, Su-Chi Ku, Wan-Jou Shen, Hoang Dang Khoa Ta, Gangga Anuraga, Fang-Wen Liu, Chiu-Fan Shen, Shu-He Wang, Chia-Chen Yang, Chih-Yang Wang, Wei-Jan Wang
The period (PER) and cryptochrome (CRY) families play critical roles in circadian rhythms. The imbalance of circadian factors may lead to the occurrence of cancer. Expressions of PER and CRY family members decrease in various cancers. Nevertheless, expression levels, genetic variations, and molecular mechanisms of PER and CRY family members in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and their correlations with prognoses and immune infiltration in LUAD patients are still unclear. In this study, to identify their biological functions in LUAD development, comprehensive high-throughput techniques were applied to analyze the relationships of expressions of PER and CRY family members with genetic variations, molecular mechanisms, and immune infiltration. The present results showed that transcription levels of PER1 and CRY2 in LUAD were significantly downregulated. High expression levels of PER2, PER3, CRY1, and CRY2 indicated longer overall survival. Some cancer signaling pathways were related to PER and CRY family members, such as cell-cycle, histidine metabolism, and progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation pathways. Expressions of PER and CRY family members significantly affected the infiltration of different immune cells. In conclusion, our findings may help better understand the molecular basis of LUAD, and provide new perspectives of PER and CRY family members as novel biomarkers for LUAD. © 2022 Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40676, Taiwan; Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan; Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan; Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, 613016, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas PGRI Adi Buana, East Java, Surabaya, 60234, Indonesia; 0TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40676, Taiwan
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