Jin-Wei Zhang, Nguyen Duy Hai, Muhammad Al Kholif, Huan-Ping Chao
This study presents the development of carbonaceous adsorbents derived from teak wood waste for the removal of heavy metals, such as lead (Pb2+), copper (Cu2+), and cadmium (Cd2+) from aqueous solutions. The adsorbents − hydrochar (TH), biochar (TB), and activated carbon (TAC) − were synthesized through thermal and chemical activation processes and further enhanced by graft copolymerization using acrylic acid. Comprehensive characterizations, including SEM, EDS, XPS, BET, and FTIR, revealed that grafting significantly increased surface functional groups (COOH and OH), thereby improving adsorption capacities. Adsorption isotherms followed the Langmuir model, indicating a chemisorption mechanism dominated by ion exchange and complexation. Post-grafting, maximum adsorption capacities for Pb2+ increased from 116 mg/g (TH) to 294 mg/g (THG), Cu2+ from 84 mg/g (TH) to 164 mg/g (THG), and Cd2+ from 106 mg/g (TH) to 170 mg/g (THG). The study concludes that grafted teak-based materials hold high potential as cost-effective and efficient adsorbents for water purification applications, contributing to sustainable waste management and environmental protection. © 2025
Center of Environmental Governance Research, National Environmental Research Academy, Ministry of Environment, Taoyuan, 320680, Taiwan; Faculty of Environment, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF), Thai Nguyen City, 24000, Viet Nam; Department of Civil Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 32023, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 32023, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas PGRI Adi Buana Surabaya, Jalan Dukuh Menanggal XII, Surabaya, 60234, Indonesia
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