Muhammad Al Kholif, Sarah Mariska, Jin-Wei Zhang, Muhammad Roil Bilad, Hai Nguyen Tran, Huan-Ping Chao
This study investigates the adsorption potential of thermally tuned Friedel's salt (FS) for the removal of azophloxin (Acid Red 1, AR1) from aqueous solutions, emphasizing structural evolution, adsorption efficiency, and economic viability. FS was synthesized via coprecipitation (FSCO) and hydrothermal (FSHD) methods, followed by calcination at temperatures ranging from 300°C to 800°C. Comprehensive characterizations using scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and zeta potential analyses revealed significant morphological and structural changes influencing adsorption capacity. FS calcined at 800°C exhibited the highest adsorption performance, with a maximum capacity of 227.39 mg/g at pH 9, attributable to enhanced porosity, surface area, and reactivity. The rehydration-induced memory effect allowed structural regeneration and its reuse, supporting the material's sustainability. Adsorption followed both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, with the Langmuir model providing a superior fit, suggesting monolayer adsorption mechanisms. Furthermore, the economic assessment showed that FS800 offered the lowest cost per gram of AR1 removed ($0.09), indicating exceptional cost-effectiveness. © 2025 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian Univ., Taoyuan, 32023, Taiwan; Dept. of Civil Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian Univ., Taoyuan, 32023, Taiwan; Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas PGRI Adi Buana Surabaya, Jalan Dukuh Menanggal XII Surabaya, 60234, Indonesia; Center of Environmental Governance Research, National Environmental Research Academy, Ministry of Environment, Touyuan City, 320680, Taiwan; Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam; Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan Univ., Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan Univ., Da Nang City, 50000, Viet Nam
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